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1.
Braz. j. biol ; 83: e247360, 2023. tab
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1350301

ABSTRACT

Abstract Excessive intake of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as, diclofenac sodium (DS) may lead to toxicity in the rats. In this work, we aimed to examine the protective impact of lentil extract (LE) and folic acid (FA) on the hematological markers, the kidney tissue oxidative stress and the renal function against diclofenac sodium (DS) in male albino rats. The rats (120-150 g) were divided into four equal groups randomly, the first group kept as the untreated control. The second group was administrated with DS (11.6 mg/kg b.wt. orally once/day). The third group was received DS+FA (11.6 mg/kg b.wt.+76.9 microgram/kg b.wt.) orally once/day. The fourth group was treated with DS+LE (11.6 mg/kg b.wt.+500 mg/kg b.wt.) orally once/day. After four weeks, the results revealed that DS produced a significant decrease in the values of red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), hematocrit (HCT) and white blood cells (WBCs). On the other hand, there was a significant increase in the platelets count. Also, DS induced a renal deterioration; this was evidenced by the significant increase in the serum levels of urea, creatinine, uric acid, Na, Ca, Mg as well as the nitric oxide (NO) level in the kidney tissue. Also, there were a significant reduction in the serum levels of potassium (K) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in the kidney homogenates. Moreover, the findings in the rats treated by DS+LE or DS+FA showed a potential protection on the hematological markers, oxidative stress in the kidney tissue and the renal function disturbed by DS. LE and FA could play a potent role for the prevention the adverse hematological, the kidney tissue oxidative stress and the renal dysfunction caused by DS via their anti-oxidative and bioactive phytochemicals.


Resumo A ingestão excessiva de anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais, como o diclofenaco de sódio (DS), pode causar toxicidade em ratos. Neste trabalho, objetivamos examinar o impacto protetor do extrato de lentilha (LE) e ácido fólico (AF) em marcadores hematológicos, no estresse oxidativo do tecido renal e na função renal contra o diclofenaco de sódio (DS) em ratos albinos machos. Os ratos (120-150 g) foram divididos em quatro grupos iguais aleatoriamente, sendo o primeiro grupo mantido como controle não tratado. O segundo grupo foi administrado com DS (11,6 mg / kg de peso corporal por via oral uma vez / dia). O terceiro grupo recebeu DS + FA (76,9 mg / kg de peso corporal por via oral uma vez / dia). O quarto grupo foi tratado com DS + LE (500 mg / kg de peso corporal por via oral uma vez / dia). Após quatro semanas, os resultados revelaram que o DS produziu uma diminuição significativa nos valores de glóbulos vermelhos (RBCs), concentração de hemoglobina (Hb), hematócrito (HCT) e glóbulos brancos (WBCs). Por outro lado, houve um aumento significativo na contagem de plaquetas. Além disso, o DS induziu uma deterioração renal; isso foi evidenciado pelo aumento significativo dos níveis séricos de ureia, creatinina, ácido úrico, Na, Ca, Mg e também do nível de óxido nítrico no tecido renal. Além disso, houve uma redução significativa nos níveis séricos de potássio (K) e glutationa reduzida (GSH) nos homogenatos renais. Além disso, os achados nos ratos tratados com DS + LE ou DS + FA mostraram uma proteção potencial sobre os marcadores hematológicos, estresse oxidativo no tecido renal e função renal perturbada pelo DS. LE e AF podem desempenhar um papel potente na prevenção do estresse hematológico adverso, do estresse oxidativo do tecido renal e da disfunção renal causada pelo DS por meio de seus fitoquímicos antioxidantes e bioativos.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Diclofenac/toxicity , Lens Plant , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Oxidative Stress , Folic Acid , Antioxidants
2.
Braz. j. biol ; 83: 1-8, 2023. tab
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1469005

ABSTRACT

Excessive intake of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as, diclofenac sodium (DS) may lead to toxicity in the rats. In this work, we aimed to examine the protective impact of lentil extract (LE) and folic acid (FA) on the hematological markers, the kidney tissue oxidative stress and the renal function against diclofenac sodium (DS) in male albino rats. The rats (120-150 g) were divided into four equal groups randomly, the first group kept as the untreated control. The second group was administrated with DS (11.6 mg/kg b.wt. orally once/day). The third group was received DS+FA (11.6 mg/kg b.wt.+76.9 microgram/kg b.wt.) orally once/day. The fourth group was treated with DS+LE (11.6 mg/kg b.wt.+500 mg/kg b.wt.) orally once/day. After four weeks, the results revealed that DS produced a significant decrease in the values of red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), hematocrit (HCT) and white blood cells (WBCs). On the other hand, there was a significant increase in the platelets count. Also, DS induced a renal deterioration; this was evidenced by the significant increase in the serum levels of urea, creatinine, uric acid, Na, Ca, Mg as well as the nitric oxide (NO) level in the kidney tissue. Also, there were a significant reduction in the serum levels of potassium (K) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in the kidney homogenates. Moreover, the findings in the rats treated by DS+LE or DS+FA showed a potential protection on the hematological markers, oxidative stress in the kidney tissue and the renal function disturbed by DS. LE and FA could play a potent role for the prevention the adverse hematological, the kidney tissue oxidative stress and the renal dysfunction caused by DS via their anti-oxidative and bioactive phytochemicals.


A ingestão excessiva de anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais, como o diclofenaco de sódio (DS), pode causar toxicidade em ratos. Neste trabalho, objetivamos examinar o impacto protetor do extrato de lentilha (LE) e ácido fólico (AF) em marcadores hematológicos, no estresse oxidativo do tecido renal e na função renal contra o diclofenaco de sódio (DS) em ratos albinos machos. Os ratos (120-150 g) foram divididos em quatro grupos iguais aleatoriamente, sendo o primeiro grupo mantido como controle não tratado. O segundo grupo foi administrado com DS (11,6 mg / kg de peso corporal por via oral uma vez / dia). O terceiro grupo recebeu DS + FA (76,9 mg / kg de peso corporal por via oral uma vez / dia). O quarto grupo foi tratado com DS + LE (500 mg / kg de peso corporal por via oral uma vez / dia). Após quatro semanas, os resultados revelaram que o DS produziu uma diminuição significativa nos valores de glóbulos vermelhos (RBCs), concentração de hemoglobina (Hb), hematócrito (HCT) e glóbulos brancos (WBCs). Por outro lado, houve um aumento significativo na contagem de plaquetas. Além disso, o DS induziu uma deterioração renal; isso foi evidenciado pelo aumento significativo dos níveis séricos de ureia, creatinina, ácido úrico, Na, Ca, Mg e também do nível de óxido nítrico no tecido renal. Além disso, houve uma redução significativa nos níveis séricos de potássio (K) e glutationa reduzida (GSH) nos homogenatos renais. Além disso, os achados nos ratos tratados com DS + LE ou DS + FA mostraram uma proteção potencial sobre os marcadores hematológicos, estresse oxidativo no tecido renal e função renal perturbada pelo DS. LE e AF podem desempenhar um papel potente na prevenção do estresse hematológico adverso, do estresse oxidativo do tecido renal e da disfunção renal causada pelo DS por meio de seus fitoquímicos antioxidantes e bioativos.


Subject(s)
Male , Animals , Rats , Diclofenac/toxicity , Oxidative Stress , Lens Plant , Kidney/drug effects , Hematologic Tests , Folic Acid/pharmacology
3.
Braz. j. biol ; 832023.
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1469224

ABSTRACT

Abstract Excessive intake of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as, diclofenac sodium (DS) may lead to toxicity in the rats. In this work, we aimed to examine the protective impact of lentil extract (LE) and folic acid (FA) on the hematological markers, the kidney tissue oxidative stress and the renal function against diclofenac sodium (DS) in male albino rats. The rats (120-150 g) were divided into four equal groups randomly, the first group kept as the untreated control. The second group was administrated with DS (11.6 mg/kg b.wt. orally once/day). The third group was received DS+FA (11.6 mg/kg b.wt.+76.9 microgram/kg b.wt.) orally once/day. The fourth group was treated with DS+LE (11.6 mg/kg b.wt.+500 mg/kg b.wt.) orally once/day. After four weeks, the results revealed that DS produced a significant decrease in the values of red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), hematocrit (HCT) and white blood cells (WBCs). On the other hand, there was a significant increase in the platelets count. Also, DS induced a renal deterioration; this was evidenced by the significant increase in the serum levels of urea, creatinine, uric acid, Na, Ca, Mg as well as the nitric oxide (NO) level in the kidney tissue. Also, there were a significant reduction in the serum levels of potassium (K) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in the kidney homogenates. Moreover, the findings in the rats treated by DS+LE or DS+FA showed a potential protection on the hematological markers, oxidative stress in the kidney tissue and the renal function disturbed by DS. LE and FA could play a potent role for the prevention the adverse hematological, the kidney tissue oxidative stress and the renal dysfunction caused by DS via their anti-oxidative and bioactive phytochemicals.


Resumo A ingestão excessiva de anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais, como o diclofenaco de sódio (DS), pode causar toxicidade em ratos. Neste trabalho, objetivamos examinar o impacto protetor do extrato de lentilha (LE) e ácido fólico (AF) em marcadores hematológicos, no estresse oxidativo do tecido renal e na função renal contra o diclofenaco de sódio (DS) em ratos albinos machos. Os ratos (120-150 g) foram divididos em quatro grupos iguais aleatoriamente, sendo o primeiro grupo mantido como controle não tratado. O segundo grupo foi administrado com DS (11,6 mg / kg de peso corporal por via oral uma vez / dia). O terceiro grupo recebeu DS + FA (76,9 mg / kg de peso corporal por via oral uma vez / dia). O quarto grupo foi tratado com DS + LE (500 mg / kg de peso corporal por via oral uma vez / dia). Após quatro semanas, os resultados revelaram que o DS produziu uma diminuição significativa nos valores de glóbulos vermelhos (RBCs), concentração de hemoglobina (Hb), hematócrito (HCT) e glóbulos brancos (WBCs). Por outro lado, houve um aumento significativo na contagem de plaquetas. Além disso, o DS induziu uma deterioração renal; isso foi evidenciado pelo aumento significativo dos níveis séricos de ureia, creatinina, ácido úrico, Na, Ca, Mg e também do nível de óxido nítrico no tecido renal. Além disso, houve uma redução significativa nos níveis séricos de potássio (K) e glutationa reduzida (GSH) nos homogenatos renais. Além disso, os achados nos ratos tratados com DS + LE ou DS + FA mostraram uma proteção potencial sobre os marcadores hematológicos, estresse oxidativo no tecido renal e função renal perturbada pelo DS. LE e AF podem desempenhar um papel potente na prevenção do estresse hematológico adverso, do estresse oxidativo do tecido renal e da disfunção renal causada pelo DS por meio de seus fitoquímicos antioxidantes e bioativos.

4.
Arq. gastroenterol ; 58(3): 270-275, July-Sept. 2021. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1345283

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is a widely used therapeutic modality for the pancreaticobiliary tree. However, it is responsible for the highest rates of complications among the endoscopic procedures, especially post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis. The preventive methods include mechanical and pharmacological approaches, such as the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of two different strategies using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the prevention of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis, and to clarify the uncertainty about the route of administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the prevention of this complication. METHODS: This was a prospective trial. Two therapeutic groups were compared with a control group that was composed of patients who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, performed in the same service and by the same team in the period preceding the study (historical series), without the administration of any type of prophylaxis. The first group received 100 mg rectal diclofenac. The second group received 100 mg intravenous ketoprofen. Both groups were compared, separately and jointly, with the control group. RESULTS: Post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis occurred in 4.39% (12/273) of the participants. In the group without prophylaxis, the incidence was 6.89% (10/145). Among those who received intravenous ketoprofen, the incidence was 2.56% (2/78). No cases of acute post-procedural pancreatitis were observed in the group that received rectal diclofenac (0/52). Although there was no statistical difference between the therapeutic groups when they were separately analyzed, a statistical difference in the prevention of post-procedural pancreatitis was observed when they were analyzed together (P=0.037). CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence for the efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the prophylaxis of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis.


RESUMO CONTEXTO: A colangiopancreatografia retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) é uma modalidade terapêutica amplamente utilizada para vias biliopancreáticas, responsável pelas taxas mais elevadas de complicações entre os procedimentos endoscópicos, especialmente a pancreatite pós-CPRE (PPC). Os métodos preventivos incluem abordagens mecânicas e farmacológicas, entre elas, a utilização de antinflamatórios não esteroidais (AINEs). OBJETIVO: Comparar a eficácia de duas estratégias diferentes utilizando AINEs para a prevenção de PPC. Elucidar o cenário incerto sobre a via de administração do AINEs na prevenção da PPC. MÉTODOS - Ensaio clínico prospectivo. Duas estratégias terapêuticas foram comparadas a um grupo controle, composto por pacientes submetidos a CPRE no mesmo serviço e com a mesma equipe no período anterior ao estudo (série histórica), que não recebeu qualquer tipo de profilaxia. O primeiro grupo experimental recebeu 100 mg de diclofenaco via retal, o segundo grupo recebeu 100 mg de cetoprofeno endovenoso. Ambos os grupos foram comparados separadamente e em associação com o grupo de controle. RESULTADOS: A PPC ocorreu em 4,39% (12/273) dos participantes. No grupo sem profilaxia, esta incidência foi de 6,89% (10/145); entre os que receberam cetoprofeno endovenoso foi de 2,56% (2/78). Não houve casos de pancreatite aguda após o procedimento no grupo que recebeu diclofenaco via retal (0/52). Apesar de não haver diferença estatística entre estes grupos analisados separadamente, quando os dois grupos terapêuticos são analisados em conjunto estes apresentam diferenças estatísticas na prevenção da PPC (P=0,037). CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo foi capaz de corroborar a eficácia da utilização de AINEs para a profilaxia de pancreatite pós-CPRE.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pancreatitis/etiology , Pancreatitis/prevention & control , Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde/adverse effects , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal , Diclofenac , Prospective Studies
5.
Revista Digital de Postgrado ; 10(1): 262, abr. 2021. tab
Article in Spanish | LIVECS, LILACS | ID: biblio-1147578

ABSTRACT

El bloqueo del nervio peri prostático con lidocaína, proporciona un buen alivio del dolor en la realización de la biopsia prostática guiada por ultrasonido, pero el dolor post-procedimiento, puede llegar a ser significativo, la adición del supositorio de diclofenac, podría proporcionar alivio adicional. Se asignaron al azar pacientes en 2 grupos el grupo 1 bloqueo con lidocaína del plexo peri prostático + supositorio de diclofenac sódico y el grupo 2 bloqueo con lidocaína del plexo peri prostático + supositorio de placebo, realizando biopsia doble sextante, el dolor a varios intervalos después del procedimiento se registró en una escala visual análoga (EVA) de 0 a 10. Los 2 grupos fueron similares en cuanto a edad, volumen de próstata, antígeno prostático específico, diagnóstico histopatológico. Los pacientes que recibieron diclofenac tuvieron puntajes de dolor significativamente más bajos que los que recibieron placebo (2 frente a 3,35) p 0,02. La administración rectal de diclofenac antes de la realización de la biopsia de próstata es un procedimiento simple que alivia significativamente el dolor experimentado sin aumento en la morbilidad(AU)


The peri-prostatic nerve block with lidocaine, provides good pain relief in performing ultrasoundguided prostate biopsy, but the postprocedure pain can be significant, the addition of diclofenac suppository, could provide additional relief. Patients were randomly assigned in 2 groups to group 1 blockade with lidocaine of the prostatic peri plexus + suppository of diclofenac sodium and group 2 blockade with lidocaine of the prostatic peri plexus + placebo suppository, performing double sextant biopsy, pain at several intervals after the procedure was recorded on a visual analog scale (EVA) from 0 to 10. Thee 2 groups were similar in terms of age, prostate volume, prostate-specific antigen, histopathological diagnosis. Patients who received diclofenac had pain scores significantly lower than those who received placebo (2 vs. 3.35) p 0.02. Rectal administration of diclofenac before performing a prostate biopsy is a simple procedure that relieves significantly pain experienced without increased morbidity(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Prostate/pathology , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use , Diclofenac/therapeutic use , Anesthetics, Local/therapeutic use , Lidocaine/therapeutic use , Nerve Block/methods , Placebos/therapeutic use , Prostate/diagnostic imaging , Administration, Rectal , Prospective Studies , Pain Management/methods , Image-Guided Biopsy , Anesthesia, Local
6.
Braz. dent. sci ; 24(3): 1-8, 2021. tab
Article in English | LILACS, BBO | ID: biblio-1281176

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos bioquímicos e histopatológicos da administração de diclofenaco e cetoprofeno na regeneração óssea em modelo de defeito calvarial em ratos. Material e Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 108 ratos Wistar que foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em três grupos, aos quais foi realizada osteotomia de 6 mm de diâmetro na calvária. O grupo A (controle) recebeu solução salina; O Grupo B recebeu 2 mg / kg de cetoprofeno e o Grupo C recebeu 2 mg / kg de diclofenaco. Todos os tratamentos foram administrados intraperitonealmente a cada 12 horas durante 3 dias. A regeneração óssea foi avaliada pelas características bioquímicas (fosfatase alcalina e cálcio sérico) e histopatológicas (contagem de osteócitos e células de osteoblastos) aos 15 e 30 dias. Resultados:Na avaliação bioquímica, os níveis de fosfatase alcalina no grupo cetoprofeno foram significativamente menores em comparação com o grupo diclofenaco em 15 e 30 dias (p= 0.015 e p= 0.001; respectivamente). No entanto, os níveis séricos de cálcio não mostraram diferença entre os grupos de estudo aos 15 e 30 dias (p= 0.42 p= 0.81; respectivamente). Na análise histopatológica, a contagem de osteoblastos e osteócitos foi significativamente menor no grupo cetoprofeno em comparação ao grupo diclofenaco aos 15 e 30 dias (p< 0,05). Conclusão: A administração de cetoprofeno tem efeitos bioquímicos e histopatológicos negativos de maior intensidade na regeneração óssea em comparação com a administração de diclofenaco. (AU)


Objective: To evaluate the biochemical and histopathological effects of diclofenac and ketoprofen administration on bone regeneration in a calvarial defect model in rats. Material and Methods: The sample consisted of 108 Wistar rats that were randomly distributed in three groups, to which an osteotomy of 6 mm in diameter was performed in the calvaria. Group A (control) was given saline solution; Group B received ketoprofen 2 mg/kg and Group C received diclofenac 2 mg/kg. All treatments were administered intraperitoneally every 12 hours for 3 days. Bone regeneration was evaluated by biochemical (alkaline phosphatase and serum calcium) and histopathological (osteocyte and osteoblast cell count) characteristics at 15 and 30 days. Results: In the biochemical evaluation, alkaline phosphatase levels in the ketoprofen group were significantly lower compared to the diclofenac group at 15 and 30 days (p= 0.015 and p= 0.001; respectively). However, serum calcium levels did not show the difference between the study groups at 15 and 30 days (p= 0.42 and p= 0.81; respectively). In the histopathological analysis, the count of osteoblasts and osteocytes was significantly lower in the ketoprofen group compared to the diclofenac group at 15 and 30 days (p< 0.05). Conclusion: The administration of ketoprofen has negative biochemical and histopathological effects of greater intensity on bone regeneration compared to the administration of diclofenac (AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Rats , Bone Regeneration , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal , Diclofenac , Ketoprofen
7.
Rev. Univ. Ind. Santander, Salud ; 52(3): 261-284, Julio 8, 2020. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1155626

ABSTRACT

Resumen Introducción: la consulta de un particular que trajo un producto fitoterapéutico a base de caléndula cuyo consumo le causó fuertes reacciones adversas, originó esta investigación sobre la composición de este producto. Objetivo: caracterizar la composición química de muestras de lotes diferentes de un producto comercial denominado fitoterapéutico a base de caléndula (Calendula officinalis) (PFC) comercializado en Colombia. Metodología: se analizaron tabletas de ocho cajas del PFC de cuatro lotes diferentes de producción (2017 y 2018). Se llevó a cabo el análisis de espacio de cabeza (HS) de tabletas por microextracción en fase sólida (SPME), con una fibra PDMS/DVB (65 µm), expuesta al HS de la muestra durante 30 min a 50 °C. Las fracciones volátiles se analizaron por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (GC/MS). Los extractos de tabletas obtenidos con mezcla de metanol:agua (1:1, v/v) se analizaron por cromatografía líquida (LC) de alta (HPLC) y ultra-alta eficiencia (UHPLC), con detectores de arreglo de diodos (DAD) y espectrometría de masas de alta resolución (HRMS), respectivamente; la cuantificación de diclofenaco se hizo por calibración con patrón externo y por adición de estándar. Los espectros de masas de baja y alta resolución y patrones de fragmentación de las sustancias detectadas se estudiaron, usando GC/HRMS y LC/HRMS-Orbitrap. Resultados: en tabletas analizadas por HSSPME, se encontraron monoterpenoides y sesquiterpenoides de origen vegetal, ftalatos, residuos de solventes (2-cloroetanol, etilenglicol) y sustancias químicas intermediarias en la síntesis de diclofenaco (2,6-dicloroanilina y 2,6-cloro-N-fenil-bencenamina). En los cromatogramas, obtenidos por GC/MS de los extractos de tabletas obtenidos con diclorometano, se detectaron diclofenaco, sus impurezas A, B y C, los ésteres de diclofenaco y algunas otras impurezas. Diclofenaco en cantidad ca. 40 mg (7-8%) se cuantificó por HPLC en tabletas (> 70 analizadas) escogidas al azar de ocho cajas del PFC, adquirido en el mercado local de Bucaramanga (Colombia). Conclusión: en cada tableta analizada se determinaron alrededor de 40 mg del compuesto sintético diclofenaco (sustancia no declarada en la etiqueta del producto) y en ninguna se detectaron ésteres de los triterpenoides oleanano o faradiol, constituyentes del extracto de caléndula que poseen actividad antiinflamatoria; se encontraron algunos flavonoides comunes a muchas plantas, en cantidades mil veces menores que la de diclofenaco.


Abstract Introduction: The consultation of a person who brought a marigold-based phytotherapeutic product whose consumption caused strong adverse reactions, originated this investigation of the composition of this product. Objective: to characterize the chemical composition of samples of different lots of a commercial product called calendula-based phytotherapeutic product (Calendula officinalis) (PFC) commercialized in Colombia. Methodology: Tablets of eight packs of the phytotherapeutic product from four different production batches (2017 and 2018) were analyzed. Headspace analysis (HS) of tablets by solid phase microextraction (SPME) was carried out with a PDMS/ DVB fiber (65 µm), exposed to the HS of the sample for 30 min at 50 °C. Volatile fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Tablet extracts obtained with methanol:water mixture (1:1, v / v) were analyzed by liquid chromatography (LC) of high (HPLC) and ultra-high performance (UHPLC) with diode array (DAD) and high-resolution mass spectrometric (HRMS) detectors, respectively; diclofenac was quantified by external calibration and standard addition. Low- and high-resolution mass spectra (MS, HRMS) and fragmentation patterns of detected substances were studied, using GC/HRTOF-MS and LC/HRMS-Orbitrap. Results: in tablets analyzed by HS-SPME, monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids of plant origin, phthalates, solvent residues (2-chloroethanol, ethylene glycol) and intermediary chemicals in diclofenac synthesis (2,6-dichloroaniline and 2,6- chloro-N-phenyl-benzenamine) were found. In the chromatograms (GC/MS) of the extracts of tablets obtained with organic solvent (dichloromethane), diclofenac, its impurities A, B and C, diclofenac esters, and some other compounds were detected; diclofenac quantification by HPLC found amounts of ca. 40 mg (7 - 8%) in tablets (> 70 analyzed) chosen at random from eight packs of the calendula-based phytotherapeutic product, purchased in the local market in Bucaramanga (Colombia). Conclusion: each analyzed tablet contained around 40 mg of the synthetic compound diclofenac (substance not declared in the product's label) and no tablet contained detectable amounts of esters of the triterpenoids oleanane or faradiol, which are calendula extract constituents that possess antiinflammatory activity; a few flavonoids that are common to many plants were found in amounts a thousand times smaller than that of diclofenac.


Subject(s)
Humans , Diclofenac , Calendula , Phytotherapeutic Drugs , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Chromatography, Liquid , Colombia , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
8.
Surg. cosmet. dermatol. (Impr.) ; 12(1): 27-33, jan.-mar. 2020.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1363505

ABSTRACT

Introdução: A inflamação pode desempenhar um papel crítico no desenvolvimento da acne facial. Mediadores pró-inflamatórios, tais como prostaglandinas e leucotrieno, têm sido implicados no início da acne. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia clínica e a segurança do diclofenaco gel 1% comparado ao gel com placebo no tratamento de pacientes com acne leve à moderada, durante 12 semanas. Métodos: Um estudo comparativo de 12 semanas, randomizado, duplo-cego, individual e split-face foi realizado em 24 voluntários. Foram incluídos pacientes com acne vulgar leve a moderada, com idade entre 18 e 30 anos. Os pacientes receberam peróxido de benzoíla 2,5% combinado com diclofenaco gel 1% ou peróxido de benzoíla 2,5% com gel de placebo, aplicados regularmente em cada lado da face. Resultados: 24 participantes com idade média (DP) de 25,92 anos foram incluídos no estudo. Foi observada uma diminuição estatisticamente significativa na média de comedões no grupo em uso de diclofenaco gel 1%, através da contagem de lesões de acne na semana 12 (P<0,05), superior ao gel de placebo. Além disso, a hiperpigmentação pós-inflamatória também apresentou diminuição estatisticamente significativa superior ao grupo placebo na semana 4. Conclusões: O tratamento tópico com diclofenaco gel 1% mostrou boa eficácia clínica e segurança na diminuição dos comedões faciais na semana 12 e na pós-hiperpigmentação inflamatória após 4 semanas.


Introduction: The inflammation may play a critical role in the development of facial acne. Pro-inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandins and leukotriene, have been implicated in the initiation of acne. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of 1% diclofenac gel compare with a placebo gel in the treatment of mild to moderate acne patients in 12 weeks. Methods: A 12 weeks, randomizing, double-blind, individual and split-face comparative trial was conducted in 24 volunteers. Patients with mild to moderate acne vulgaris, aged 18 to 30 years were enrolled. They received 2.5% benzoyl peroxide with 1% diclofenac gel and 2.5% benzoyl peroxide with placebo gel apply regularly at each side of the face. Results: 24 participants with mean (SD) age of 25.92 years were enrolled in the study. Statistically significant decrease in mean of comedone lesions was observed in 1% diclofenac gel group by acne lesion count at week 12 (P <0.05) superior than placebo gel. Moreover, post inflammatory hyperpigmentation also had statistically significant decrease superior to placebo group at week 4. Conclusions: The 1% diclofenac gel topical treatment has shown good clinical efficacy and safety in decreasing facial comedones at week 12 and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation in 4 weeks.

9.
Int. j. morphol ; 37(3): 877-884, Sept. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1012369

ABSTRACT

The toxic effects of different doses of diclofenac sodium (DS) on the kidney on the postnatal period (0-7 days) by morphometrical and immunohistochemical methods were investigated. For this purpose, 15 female adult wistar albino rats were used and divided into 5 main groups. Group Ia served as normal control, physiologic group Ib received normal saline, group II received low dose (3.9 mg/kg), group III received medium dose (9 mg/kg) and group IV received high dose (18 mg/kg). Male offspring's from 0-7 days after birth were used in this study. On the 8th day of postnatal life, all animals were anesthetized. Then, the kidney samples were analyzed. Haematoxylin and eosin staining showed degeneration and necrosis, apparent atrophy of the glomeruli, mononuclear cell infiltration, congested vessels, increased fibrous tissue and distortion of the proximal convoluted tubules with interruption of the brush margin of the DS treated group. Increased level of Caspase-3 and upregulation of TNF-α with different doses of DS. In light of our findings, DS may lead to adverse effects that are dose-dependent in the prenatal subjected kidney to this drug.


Se investigaron los efectos tóxicos de diferentes dosis de diclofenaco sódico (DS) en el riñón de ratas, durante su período postnatal (0-7 días), por métodos morfométricos e inmunohistoquímicos. Para este propósito, se utilizaron 20 crías macho, de ratas Wistar albinas, y se dividieron en 5 grupos principales. El grupo Ia sirvió como control normal, el grupo fisiológico Ib recibió solución salina normal, el grupo II recibió una dosis baja de DS (3,9 mg/kg), el grupo III recibió una dosis media de DS (9 mg/kg) y el grupo IV recibió una dosis alta de DS (18 mg/kg). Se administraron los medicamentos de 0 a 7 días después del nacimiento de las ratas. En el octavo día de vida postnatal, todos los animales fueron sacrificados. Luego, se analizaron las muestras de riñón. Mediante hematoxilina-eosina se evidenció degeneración y necrosis, aparente atrofia de los glomérulos, infiltración de células mononucleares, vasos congestionados, aumento del tejido fibroso y distorsión de los túbulos contorneados proximales, con interrupción del margen en cepillo del grupo tratado con DS. Se detectó un aumento del nivel de caspasa-3 y regulación al alza de TNF-α con diferentes dosis de DS. A la luz de nuestros hallazgos, la DS puede provocar efectos adversos en el riñón, que dependen de la dosis de este medicamento administrada en el período posnatal.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Rats , Diclofenac/toxicity , Kidney/drug effects , Staining and Labeling , Immunohistochemistry , Diclofenac/administration & dosage , Rats, Wistar , Apoptosis/drug effects , Kidney/growth & development , Kidney Tubules, Proximal/drug effects , Animals, Newborn
10.
Rev. cuba. anestesiol. reanim ; 18(2): e548, mayo.-ago. 2019. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-1093102

ABSTRACT

Introducción: El dolor es un síntoma tan antiguo como la propia humanidad y ha formado parte inseparable de esta. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de la analgesia preventiva con diclofenaco en el dolor posoperatorio en niños operados por cirugía general electiva. Método: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, cuasiexperimental, en 230 niños operados por cirugía general electiva. La muestra se distribuyó en dos grupos; analgesia preventiva con diclofenaco (grupo estudio), versus dipirona por vía rectal (grupo control). Las variables analizadas fueron intensidad del dolor, modificaciones hemodinámicas, evolución clínica y eventos adversos. Resultados: En ambos grupos prevalecieron los pacientes entre los 6 y 10 años de edad. En el grupo estudio, el dolor apareció a partir de las 6 h después de la operación, en solo 23 pacientes. No así en el grupo control que desde las 4 h, 19 pacientes refirieron dolor. En el grupo estudio los 23 pacientes tuvieron aproximadamente 2 h de duración del dolor y de ellos, solo 4 con intensidad severa; mientras que en el control 65 refirieron 2 h de dolor y el resto lo refirieron durante 4 h a pesar del rescate analgésico. Nueve de ellos, presentaron intensidad severa. Algunos pacientes presentaron modificaciones de la tensión arterial, frecuencia cardiaca y respiratoria asociadas al dolor. Los efectos adversos frecuentes fueron náuseas y vómitos. Conclusiones: La administración preventiva de diclofenaco disminuye la intensidad del dolor posoperatorio en los procedimientos quirúrgicos de cirugía general electiva en niños(AU)


Introduction: Pain is a symptom as old as humanity itself and has been an inseparable part of it. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of preventive analgesia with diclofenac for postoperative pain in elective paediatric general surgery. Methods: A prospective, quasi-experimental study was carried out with 230 children who underwent elective general surgery. The sample was divided into two groups: preventive analgesia with diclofenac (study group) versus dipyrone by the rectal way (control group). The variables analyzed were pain intensity, hemodynamic modifications, clinical evolution and adverse events. Results: In both groups, patients aged 6-10 years of age prevailed. In the study group, pain onset occurred at 6 hours after surgery, in only 23 patients; not being that way in the control group, in which, at 4 hours, 19 patients reported pain. In the study group, the 23 patients had approximately 2 hours of pain duration and, among them, only 4 hours with severe intensity; while in the control group, 65 patients reported 2 hours of pain and the rest referred it for 4 hours despite the analgesic rescue. Nine of them presented severe intensity. Some patients presented changes in blood pressure, heart rate and breathing associated with pain. The frequent adverse effects include nausea and vomiting. Conclusions: The preventive administration of diclofenac decreases the intensity of posoperative pain in surgical procedures of elective paediatric general surgery(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Pain, Postoperative/prevention & control , Pain, Postoperative/epidemiology , Diclofenac/therapeutic use , Dipyrone/therapeutic use , Analgesia/methods , Prospective Studies , Non-Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
11.
Rev. colomb. ciencias quim. farm ; 48(1): 29-43, jan.-abr. 2019. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1042797

ABSTRACT

RESUMO Este trabalho descreveu e comparou quatro estudos entre si que utilizaram métodos automáticos em fluxo com detecção espectrofotométrica e a reação de oxidação do diclofenaco para determinar diclofenaco em formulações farmacêuticas e fluidos corporais. Para isso, utilizamos os seguintes artigos: Versatility of a multicommuted flow system in the spectrometric determination of three analytes, Sequential injection spectrophotometric method for the assay of anti-inflammatory diclofenac sodium in pharmaceutical preparations, Screening of conditions controlling spectrophotometric sequential injection analysis e Sequential injection spectrophotometric determination of diclofenac in urine and pharmaceutical formulations e detalhamos as metodologias empregadas, os resultados, conclusões obtidas e comparamos entre eles os limites de detecção, desvio padrão relativo e a frequência analítica. Os resultados mostraram diferenças significativas entre métodos empregados e a utilização do Sistema automático do tipo Análise por Injeção Sequencial, apesar deste possuir menor frequência analítica.


SUMMARY This study described and compared four studies that used automatic flow methods with spectrophotometric detection and the oxidation reaction of diclofenac to determine diclofenac in pharmaceutical formulations and body fluids. For this, the following articles were used: Versatility of a multicommuted flow system in the spectrometric determination of three analytes, Sequential injection spectrophotometric method for the assay of anti-inflammatory diclofenac sodium in pharmaceutical preparations, Screening of conditions controlling spectrophotometric sequential injection analysis and Sequential injection spectrophotometric determination of diclofenac in urine and pharmaceutical formulations and we detail the methodologies used, the results, the conclusions obtained and compare the limits of detection, relative standard deviation and analytical frequency. The results showed significant differences between the employed methods and the use of the Automatic System of the Sequential Injection Analysis type, although this one has a lower analytical frequency.

12.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 38(4): 486-495, oct.-dic. 2018. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-983958

ABSTRACT

Introducción. El diclofenaco sódico se clasifica como un antiinflamatorio no esteroide. Dado que es de venta libre, el paciente no tiene ningún seguimiento por parte de los equipos de salud, y como sus fuentes son múltiples, es necesario establecer la equivalencia entre ellas en estudios in vitro, que son los más prácticos y plantean un menor compromiso ético. Objetivos. Determinar la intercambiabilidad de diferentes marcas comerciales de diclofenaco sódico comparadas con el producto innovador mediante un estudio in vitro de tabletas comerciales de 50 mg, según los lineamientos del Sistema de Clasificación Biofarmacéutica (SCB). Materiales y métodos. Se desarrollaron pruebas físicas y químicas siguiendo las indicaciones de laedición 39 de la United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Para la cuantificación, se validó una metodología analítica según lo establecido en la mencionada farmacopea y la guía Q2 del International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH). Los perfiles de disolución y sus análisis se rigieron por lo establecido por la Organización Mundial de la Salud y las normas nacionales. Resultados. Todos los productos aprobaron las pruebas físicas. En cuanto a la disolución, la etapa ácida también fue superada por todas las marcas, pero una marca falló en la etapa alcalina. El análisis de similitud reveló que solo un producto fue equivalente al innovador y tres fueron supradisponibles, aunque dichas marcas también podrían considerarse equivalentes al producto innovador. Conclusiones. De las ocho marcas evaluadas, tres no cumplieron totalmente con la prueba de valoración del principio activo y del porcentaje de disolución; solo una marca fue intercambiable con el producto innovador y tres fueron supradisponibles comparadas con este, por lo cual no constituyen un riesgo para el paciente.


Introduction: Diclofenac sodium is classified as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. As diclofenac is an over-the-counter drug, its use among patients cannot be monitored by health teams in follow-up sessions. Given the multiple sources of diclofenac sodium, their interchangeability must be investigated, particularly in the form of in vitro studies, which are the most practical research type and entail minimal ethical commitment. Objectives: To determine the interchangeability of the different commercial brands of diclofenac sodium relative to the innovative product, this work carries out an in vitro study of eight commercial products of diclofenac sodium (50 mg) following the guidelines of the Biopharmaceutical Classification System. Materials and methods: Physical and chemical tests were developed following the guidelines of the 39th edition of the United States Pharmacopoeia. An analytical methodology was validated for the quantification of diclofenac according to the current pharmacopoeia and the Q2 guideline ofthe International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH). Dissolution profiles and their analyseswere governed by the regulations established by the World Health Organization and the national regulations. Results: All the products passed the physical tests. In the dissolution assays, the acid stage was overcome by all brands, but in the alkaline stage, one brand failed. The analysis of the similarities revealed that only one product was equivalent to the innovator and that three were supra-available, although these brands could also be considered equivalent to the innovator. Conclusions: Of the eight brands evaluated, three failed the test forthe active principle and the percentage of dissolution. Only one brand was found to be interchangeable with the innovator, and three were identified to besupra-availableand, thus, they do not present a risk for patients.


Subject(s)
Diclofenac , Interchange of Drugs , Bioequivalent Drugs , Dissolution , Drug Liberation
13.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 78(5): 349-355, oct. 2018. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-976123

ABSTRACT

Los antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AINEs) se encuentran entre los fármacos más utilizados en la práctica clínica. Actúan mediante el bloqueo de las enzimas ciclooxigenasas (COX), pero el grado de inhibición de COX-1 y COX-2 varía entre ellos. Se ha generalizado la clasificación entre COX-2 selectivos o coxibs, y los no selectivos o AINEs tradicionales. Tanto los efectos analgésico y antiinflamatorio como los efectos adversos cardiovasculares dependen de la inhibición de COX-2. Este trabajo revisa las evidencias disponibles del aumento del riesgo de eventos trombóticos tanto para los coxibs como para los AINEs tradicionales. El efecto protrombótico podría deberse a la inhibición de la COX-2 endotelial, con disminución de la prostaciclina y un incremento relativo de los niveles del tromboxano plaquetario. Los coxibs y el diclofenac, 150 mg/día, aumentarían el riesgo de eventos vasculares mayores en más de un tercio. El ibuprofeno 2400 mg/día aumentaría levemente el riesgo de eventos coronarios. El naproxeno 1000 mg/día no incrementaría el riesgo de eventos vasculares. Además, el ibuprofeno y el naproxeno tienen el potencial del disminuir el efecto cardioprotector de bajas dosis de aspirina. El naproxeno (≤ 1000 mg/día) y el ibuprofeno a bajas dosis (≤ 1200 mg/día) deberían considerarse los AINEs con el mejor perfil de seguridad cardiovascular. Las decisiones terapéuticas deben basarse en una adecuada evaluación del riesgo del paciente, utilizando los AINEs más seguros, a las menores dosis efectivas, por el menor tiempo posible que permita el control de los síntomas, restringiendo su utilización en enfermos con aumento del riesgo cardiovascular.


Non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) are among the most commonly used drugs in clinical practice. They block cyclooxygenases (COX) enzymes, but the degree of inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 varies between them. In general, NSAIDs are classified in selective COX-2 or coxibs and non-selective or traditional NSAIDs. Both the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as the cardiovascular adverse effects, depend on the COX-2 inhibition. This paper reviews the available evidence of the increased risk of thrombotic events for both coxibs and traditional NSAID. The prothrombotic effect could be due to the inhibition of endothelial COX-2, with a decrease in production of prostacyclin and a relative increase in platelet thromboxane levels. Coxibs and diclofenac 150 mg/day seem to increase the risk of major vascular events by more than a third. Ibuprofen 2400 mg/day could slightly increase the risk of coronary events. Naproxen 1000 mg/day apparently does not increase the risk of vascular events. Besides ibuprofen and naproxen have the potential to decrease the cardioprotective effect of low doses of aspirin. Naproxen (≤ 1000 mg/day) and low doses of ibuprofen (≤ 1200 mg/day) are considered to have the most favorable thrombotic cardiovascular safety profiles of all NSAIDs. Therapeutic decisions should be based on an assessment of a person´s individual risk factors, using the safest NSAIDs, at the lowest effective doses, for the shortest duration necessary to control symptoms, restricting their use in patients with increased cardiovascular risk.


Subject(s)
Humans , Cardiovascular Diseases/chemically induced , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/adverse effects , Aspirin/adverse effects , Ibuprofen/adverse effects , Naproxen/adverse effects , Risk Factors , Drug Interactions , Celecoxib/adverse effects
14.
Rev. cient. Esc. Univ. Cienc. Salud ; 5(1): 41-49, ene.-jun. 2018. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-979935

ABSTRACT

Diclofenaco es un fármaco de variado uso por su libre venta en todos los países. Es un derivado de fenil-acético con propiedades analgésicas, antiinflamatorias y antipiréti-cas, debido a su mecánismo de acción: inhi-bición de las ciclooxigenasas con mediana selectividad hacia la ciclooxigenasa. Su principal indicación es para dolor de leve a moderado. El tiempo de uso del diclofenaco dependerá de la forma y objetivo de aplica-ción; los efectos adversos están estrecha-mente relacionados con el tiempo de uso y la idiosincrasia de cada persona. Algunas de las consecuencias destacables se manifies-tan en el sistema gastrointestinal, hematoló-gico, hepático, cardiaco, renal, sistema nervioso central y piel. El uso prescrito del diclofenaco, es de 3 - 5 días y se relaciona con la inducción de dispepsia, esofagitis, náuseas, vómitos, cefaleas e hipercoagula-bilidad, mientras que el uso crónico, alrede-dor de 90 días, puede inducir el desarrollo de hipertensión arterial, accidente cerebro vascular, infarto agudo al miocardio, hepati-tis fulminante, hemorragias gástricas, úlce-ras pépticas, fallo renal agudo, entre otras. El síndrome de Steven-Johnson y la necró-lisis epidérmica tóxica, son reacciones de hipersensibilidad relacionados con el tiempo de uso de este fármaco. Entre otros efectos del diclofenaco encontramos el bloqueo de los canales de sodio, calcio y potasio depen-dientes de voltaje, mecanismo por el cual causa analgesia sin la inhibición de la forma ción de prostaglandinas...(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Diclofenac/adverse effects , Stroke/complications , Arterial Pressure/drug effects , Drug Misuse/adverse effects
15.
Rev. colomb. ciencias quim. farm ; 47(1): 86-104, ene.-abr. 2018. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-959999

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN Justificación. El dolor tiene alta prevalencia en la población general, siendo mayor en pacientes hospitalizados, con cifras cercanas al 80%. El control del dolor no siempre es adecuado debido a varios factores, siendo uno de los más importantes, el escaso conocimiento en el manejo de los analgésicos. Como una de las primeras medidas de mejoramiento asistencial para reducir el dolor en un hospital, debe conocerse la prevalencia de este síntoma y, asimismo, debe analizarse el abordaje terapéutico realizado. Por este motivo este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar el uso de analgésicos en pacientes de un hospital de cuarto nivel en Bogotá, Colombia, identificar los analgésicos más utilizados, el rango de dosis, las posibles interacciones y reacciones adversas a medicamentos (RAM) existentes. Resultados. El 78,9% de los pacientes hospitalizados presentaban dolor. Se prescribió analgésicos en 561 pacientes hospitalizados. Los más utilizados fueron: acetaminofén (33,3%) y tramadol (29,7%). El rango de duración de la terapia analgésica más común fue de 1 a 5 días (81,7%). Se identificaron 37 casos de sobredosificación y tres de terapia duplicada. Se presentaron 28 casos de reacciones adversas a medicamento (RAM). Discusión. El adecuado tratamiento del dolor cobra vital importancia al evaluar la satisfacción del paciente. Se encuentran diferentes tendencias de uso de analgésicos en pacientes hospitalizados, siendo los más utilizados el acetaminofén y los antiinflamatorios no esteroidéos (AINE). Se debe seguir investigando en este tema, para tener mayor evidencia que permita generar lineamientos para un adecuado alivio del dolor.


Summary Justification. Pain has a high prevalence in the general population, being higher in inpatient, with figures close to 80%. Pain management is not always suitable due to several factors, one of the most important the lack of knowledge in the management of analgesics. One of the first measures of improving care to reduce pain in a hospital should be determine the prevalence of this symptom and analyze the therapeutic approach performed. That is why the aim of this study was to analyze the use of analgesics in patients of a fourth-level hospital in Bogotá, Colombia, identify the most commonly used analgesics, range of doses, possible interactions and adverse drugs reactions. Results. The 78.9% of the patients were pain. Analgesics were prescribed in 561 hospitalized patients. The most used were acetaminophen (33.3%) and tramadol (29.7%). The most common range of duration of analgesic therapy was 1-5 days (81.7%). 37 cases of overdosing and 3 cases of duplicate therapy were identified. 28 cases of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were presented. Discussion. Proper treatment of pain plays a vital role in assessing patient satisfaction. There are different trends analgesic use in inpatient, being the most used acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). It should further investigate on this issue to have stronger scientific evidence to dictate a universal application guidelines for proper pain relief.

16.
Arq. gastroenterol ; 53(1): 36-43, Jan.-Mar. 2016. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-777120

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Background Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs induces gastric mucosal lesions because of its acidic properties. Ranitidine, an H2 receptor antagonist, has proved beneficial in patients with gastric ulcers. Objective The present study was performed to assess the effect of administering ranitidine in Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (diclofenac, nimesulide) induced gastropathy, and their effect on the histopathology of stomach, kidney and liver. Methods Diclofenac, nimesulide, and ranitidine were administered in doses of 2, 4, and 6 mg/kg, p.o. once daily for 14 days, and their effect on gastric volume, acidity, mean ulcer number, and gastric pH. In addition, histopathological examination was also performed on sections of stomach, kidney and liver. Results Following the administration of diclofenac or nimesulide, all the gastric parameters were significantly altered as well as the histopathology of stomach, liver and kidney. In the control group, the renal sections showed normal glomeruli with no thickening of glomerular basement membrane, while in diclofenac alone, nimesulide alone, and ranitidine with nimesulide groups, the thickening of glomerular basement membrane was observed. These alterations were observed to be reversed in the ranitidine with diclofenac group. In the sections from the liver, the control group showed anastomosing plates and cords of cuboidal hepatocytes with round well stained nuclei and abundant cytoplasm. In the ranitidine with diclofenac, and ranitidine with nimesulide groups, mild dilatation of sinusoids is seen coupled with prominence of central vein. In the diclofenac alone and nimesulide alone groups, the proximal and distal convoluted tubules show mild focal tubular necrosis. In the gastric sections, the control group showed several folds forming villi, and the epithelial lining surface of the mucosa. In the ranitidine with diclofenac, and ranitidine with nimesulide groups, the duodenum showed scattered inflammatory cells composed predominantly of lymphocytes. In diclofenac alone and nimesulide alone group, the sections from the gastric areas showed partial necrosis and mild chronic inflammation respectively. Conclusion The study, therefore, has provided therapeutic rationale towards simultaneous administration of H2 receptor blocker ranitidine with diclofenac to be more beneficial as compared to ranitidine with nimesulide, to minimise the gastric intolerance of diclofenac in long term treatment of inflammatory conditions.


RESUMO Contexto Anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais induzem lesões da mucosa gástrica devido às suas propriedades ácidas. Ranitidina, um antagonista dos receptores H2, revelou-se benéfico em pacientes com úlceras gástricas. Objetivo - O presente estudo foi realizado para avaliar o efeito da administração de ranitidina em gastropatia induzida por anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais (diclofenaco, nimesulida) e seu efeito sobre a histopatologia do estômago, dos rins e fígado. Métodos Diclofenaco, nimesulida e ranitidina foram administradas em doses de 2, 4 e 6 mg/kg, p.o. uma vez diariamente por 14 dias e seu efeito sobre o volume gástrico, acidez, significam o número de úlcera e o pH gástrico. Além disso, o exame histopatológico também foi realizado em seções do estômago, dos rins e fígado. Resultados Após a administração de diclofenaco ou nimesulida, todos os parâmetros gástricos foram significativamente alterados assim como a histopatologia do estômago, fígado e rim. No grupo controle, as seções renais mostraram glomérulos normais sem espessamento da membrana basal glomerular, enquanto em diclofenaco isolado, nimesulida isolado e grupos com ranitidina e nimesulida, foi observado espessamento da membrana basal glomerular. Estas alterações observou-se serem revertidas no grupo ranitidina com diclofenaco. As seções do fígado, o grupo controle mostrou placas e cordões de hepatócitos cuboidais anastomosados com núcleos bem demarcados e citoplasma abundante. Nos grupos ranitidina com diclofenaco e ranitidina com nimesulida, leve dilatação dos sinusoides é vista acoplados com proeminência de veia central. Nos grupos diclofenaco e nimesulida sozinhos, túbulos proximais e distais contorcidos mostram necrose tubular focal leve. Nas secções gástricas, o grupo controle mostrou várias dobras formando vilosidades e a superfície do revestimento epitelial da mucosa. Nos grupos ranitidina com diclofenaco e ranitidina com nimesulida, o duodeno mostrou dispersas células inflamatórias predominantemente compostas por linfócitos. Nos grupos diclofenaco e nimesulida sozinhos, as secções de áreas gástricas mostraram necrose parcial e inflamação crônica moderada respectivamente. Conclusão - O estudo, portanto, forneceu o fundamento terapêutico para administração simultânea de bloqueador de receptor H2 (ranitidina) com diclofenaco, sendo mais benéfica em comparação com ranitidina com nimesulida para minimizar a intolerância gástrica de diclofenaco no tratamento a longo prazo de condições inflamatórias.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Rats , Ranitidine/pharmacology , Stomach Ulcer/prevention & control , Sulfonamides/pharmacology , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology , Diclofenac/pharmacology , Histamine H2 Antagonists/pharmacology , Stomach Ulcer/chemically induced , Rats, Wistar , Gastric Mucosa/drug effects , Gastric Mucosa/pathology , Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects , Intestinal Mucosa/pathology , Kidney/drug effects , Kidney/pathology
17.
Rev. cuba. farm ; 50(1)ene.-mar. 2016. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-844863

ABSTRACT

Introducción: el diclofenaco sódico es un derivado del ácido fenilácetico y pertenece al grupo de los antinflamatorios no esteroideos con propiedades antinflamatorios, analgésicas y antipiréticas pronunciadas. En la Farmacopea de los Estados Unidos (USP 36, 2013) aparece reportado los métodos analíticos para el control de calidad del diclofenaco sódico en el ingrediente farmacéutico activo y en las tabletas. Objetivos: evaluar el desempeño de los métodos analíticos que se emplean en el control de la calidad de cuantificación y los estudios de estabilidad del ingrediente farmacéutico activo; así como los ensayos de disolución de las tabletas de diclofenaco sódico 100 mg retard de producción nacional. Métodos: en la evaluación del desempeño del método analítico potenciométrico para la cuantificación del ingrediente farmacéutico activo se analizaron los parámetros de linealidad y de precisión (repetibilidad y precisión intermedia). Para el método cromatográfico aplicable a la cuantificación del ingrediente farmacéutico activo en el producto terminado se analizaron los parámetros de especificidad, precisión y exactitud. En el método espectrofotométrico empleado en el ensayo de disolución se tuvo en cuenta la especificidad, la precisión, la linealidad, la influencia del filtrado y la estabilidad de las soluciones analíticas. Resultados: la evaluación del desempeño realizada a los diferentes métodos analíticos, fueron satisfactorias, demostrando que son lineales, precisos y específicos en el rango de concentraciones estudiadas. Conclusiones: se demostró la confiabilidad de los métodos empleados en el control de la calidad y los estudios de estabilidad del ingrediente farmacéutico activo y de las tabletas de diclofenaco sódico 100 mg retard de producción nacional(AU)


Introduction: sodium dicloflenac is a phenylacetic acid derivate included in the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory group, with marked analgesic and antipyretic properties. The US Pharmacopeia (USP 36, 2013) reports the analytical methods for the quality control of sodium diclofenac in the active ingredient and in tablets. Objectives: to evaluate the performance of the analytical methods used in the quality control of quantitation and the stability studies of the active ingredient as well as the dissolution tests of the Cuban-made 100 mg retard sodium diclofenac. Methods: the evaluation of the performance of the potentiometric analytical method for quantitation of the active ingredient analyzed the parameters called linearity and precision (repeatability and intermediate precision). For the chromatographic method applicable to quantitation of the active ingredient in the finished product, parameters such as specificity, precision and accuracy were analyzed. The spectrophotometric method used in the dissolution test took into account specificity, precision, linearity, filtering effect and stability of the analytical solutions. Results: the evaluation of the performance of the different analytical methods was satisfactory and they proved to be linear, precise and specific in the range of studied concentrations. Conclusions: the reliability of the methods for the quality control and of the stability studies of the active ingredient and of Cuban-made 100 mg retard sodium diclofenac was demonstrated(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Diclofenac/therapeutic use , Spectrophotometry/methods , Tablets , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods , Drug Stability , Validation Studies as Topic
18.
Braz. j. pharm. sci ; 52(1): 201-210, Jan.-Mar. 2016. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-789085

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate binding potential of Mulva neglecta mucilage (MNM) with subsequent comparison to PVP K30. Eight batches of Diclofenac sodium tablets were prepared by wet granulation technique keeping different concentrations (4, 6, 8 & 10% w/w) of Mulva neglecta mucilage (extracted from leaves of Mulva neglecta) and PVP K30 as standard binder. The granules of formulated batches showed bulk density (g/mL) 0.49 ± 0.00 to 0.57 ± 0.00, tapped density (g/mL) 0.59 ± 0.01 to 0.70 ± 0.01, Carr's index 09.27 ± 0.95 to 19.65 ± 0.59, Hausner's ratio 1.12 ± 0.00 to 1.24 ± 0.01 and angle of repose 30.37 ± 2.90 °C to 36.86 ± 0.94 °C. Tablets were compressed to hardness 7.50 to 7.95 kg/cm2. The tablets showed 0.39 ± 0.02 to 0.39 ± 0.01% friability and 7:20 to 14:00 min disintegration time. Granules and post-compression evaluation revealed that parameters assessed were all found to be within the pharmacopoeial limits. The results (hardness, disintegration and dissolution) proved that Mulva neglecta mucilage has better binding capacity for preparation of uncoated tablet dosage form as compared to PVP K30. Among all the formulations, MN-1 to MN-4 showed slow release as compared to PV-1 to PV-4 and thereby Mulva neglecta mucilage exhibited satisfactory drug release phenomenon tablets of diclofenac sodium.


RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial de ligação de mucilagem de Mulva neglecta (MNM), com posterior comparação ao PVP K30. Oito lotes de comprimidos de diclofenaco de sódio foram preparados pela técnica de granulação úmida, mantendo diferentes concentrações (4, 6, 8 e 10% w/w) de mucilagem de Mulva neglecta (extraída de folhas de Mulva neglecta) e PVP K30 como ligante padrão. Os grânulos de lotes formulados mostraram densidade aparente (g/mL) 0.49 ± 0.00-0.57 ± 0.00, densidade compactada (g/mL) 0.59 ± 0.01-0.70 ± 0.01, índice de Carr 09.27 ± 0.95-19.65 ± 0.59, a relação de Hausner 1.12 ± 0.00-1.24 ± 0.01 e ângulo de repouso 30.37 ± 2.90 °C a 36.86 ± 0.94 °C. Os comprimidos foram prensados à dureza de 7.50-7.95 kg/cm2. Os comprimidos apresentaram 0.39 ± 0.02-0.39 ± 0.01% friabilidade e 7:20-14:00 min de tempo de desintegração. A avaliação de grânulos e pós-compressão revelou que todos os parâmetros estavam dentro dos limites da farmacopeia. Os resultados (dureza, desintegração e dissolução) provaram que a mucilagem de Mulva neglecta tem maior capacidade de ligação na preparação da forma de dosagem de comprimido não revestido em relação à PVP K30. Entre todas as formulações, MN-1 e MN-4 mostraram liberação lenta em comparação com PV-1 e PV-4 e, assim, a mucilagem de Mulva neglecta exibiu liberação do fármaco satisfatória para os comprimidos de diclofenaco de sódio.


Subject(s)
Malva , Plant Mucilage/classification , Tablets , Diclofenac/analogs & derivatives
19.
Braz. j. pharm. sci ; 52(1): 69-76, Jan.-Mar. 2016. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-789089

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Aiming to alter and/or improve permeation of active compounds in the skin, many strategies have been developed, including biophysical methods. One of the physical absorption techniques, currently known as Cryo Laser Phoresis (CLP), consists of an apparatus that emits radiation on polar or nonpolar molecules of the active substance, resulting in faster penetration when in comparison to the standard topical application. The goal of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of a method that proposes to increase cutaneous permeation of diclofenac sodium by using CLP technique. The influence on permeation was evaluated ex vivo, using Franz cell and human skin obtained from cosmetic surgery. The results were evaluated using statistical methods and data exploratory analysis: clusters, k-means and Principal Component Analysis. The results showed a larger increase in the concentration of diclofenac sodium in the dermis with the use of laser. In all samples (with or without laser application) it was observed that skin surface showed an amount of diclofenac sodium and that there was no active passage to the receptor liquid, suggesting that diclofenac sodium was not absorbed. These results indicate that CLP, when used under the conditions described in this study, is able to increase diclofenac sodium penetration and its retention into deeper layers.


RESUMO No sentido de alterar e/ou melhorar a penetração de substâncias na pele, diversas estratégias têm sido desenvolvidas, variando desde a aplicação de novos veículos e ativos encapsulados, até equipamentos que atuam por métodos biofísicos. Uma das técnicas de absorção física, atualmente conhecida como Crio Laser Forese (CLF), consiste em um aparato que emite radiação sobre moléculas polares ou apolares da substância ativa, tornando sua penetração mais rápida, se comparada à administração tópica comum. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia de um método que propõe aumentar a permeação cutânea do diclofenaco de sódio incorporado a um gel, por meio do uso da CLF. A influência sobre a permeação foi avaliada ex vivo, utilizando célula de Franz e pele humana obtida de cirurgia plástica. Os resultados foram balizados mediante aplicação de métodos estatísticos e análise exploratória de dados: clusters, k-means e Análise por Componentes Principais. Os resultados demonstraram aumento na concentração do diclofenaco de sódio na derme com o uso do laser. Em todas as amostras (com ou sem aplicação de laser), observou-se, uma quantidade de diclofenaco de sódio na superfície da pele e que não houve passagem de ativo para o líquido do receptor, sugerindo que o diclofenaco de sódio não foi absorvido. Estes resultados indicam que CLF usada sob as condições descritas neste estudo é capaz de aumentar a penetração do diclofenaco de sódio e sua retenção em camadas mais profundas da pele.


Subject(s)
Diclofenac/pharmacokinetics , Lasers , Skin/drug effects , Dermatologic Agents/pharmacokinetics
20.
Rev. colomb. ciencias quim. farm ; 44(3): 282-310, Sept.-Dec. 2015. ilus, graf, mapas, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-781917

ABSTRACT

Se utilizaron dos polímeros hidrofílicos comúnmente empleados en la formulación de matrices de liberación extendida, hidroxipropil-metil-celulosa (HPMC, hipromelosa) y óxido de polietileno (PEO), junto con celulosa microcristalina y lactosa, con el objetivo de estudiar la cinética de liberación del diclofenaco sódico en los aparatos II y III de la USP, en un medio de disolución compendial y en medios biorrelevantes. La cinética de liberación predominante en el aparato II fue uno y en el aparato III, cero. El valor de las constantes n y k aplicando la ley del exponente, indicaron tanto para el aparato II como para el III, que no se presenta el efecto "burst" y que el mecanismo predominante en la liberación del fármaco, es la relajación y la erosión del polímero. Los resultados sugieren que la metodología de disolución en un medio biorrelevante es apropiada para discriminar entre formulaciones y para predecir el desempeño in vivo de tabletas de liberación extendida de diclofenaco sódico.


Two hydrophilic polymers commonly employed on the development of extended release products, hydroxypropyl-methyl-cellulose (HPMC, hypromellose) and polyethylene oxide (PEO) were formulated with microcrystalline cellulose or lactose in order to investigate the release kinetics of sodium diclofenac on USP apparatus II and III using a compendial or biorelevant media, respectively. The dominant release kinetic on apparatus II was first order and zero on apparatus III. The values of the kinetic constant (k) and the release exponent (n) from the Power Law Model indicated that there was no burst effect in none of the studied formulations, relaxation and polymer erosion was the dominant mechanism of drug release in both methods. The results suggest that biorelevant dissolution methodology is appropriate for the discrimination of formulations and prediction of in vivo performance of MR diclofenac sodium matrices.

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